Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ũ o ...] become central [ ɨ̃ ɘ ...] after a palatal semivowel. Rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• Nasals [m n] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation between an obstruent or nasal and an obstruent or nasal.
• Consonants [m t χ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
• Central vowels [ɨ ɘ ɜ̃ ...] become front [i e ɛ̃ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Low vowels become non-low.
• Consonants [m d x ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal and become voiceless word-finally. Before a voiceless obstruent or pause, nasals become non-nasal.
• Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative obstruents [p k s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent.
• Unrounded consonants other than uvular consonants or semivowels [m p̪ v ...] become front [mʲ p̪ʲ vʲ ...] before a front high vowel or a high palatal semivowel. Alveolar obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal laminal.
• Nasals [m ɱʲ ɲ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
• Vowels and semivowels [j̥ u õ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, rounded vowels and semivowels become unrounded; low vowels become non-low. Before a consonant, palatal semivowels are deleted.
• Non-pharyngeal non-dorsal consonants [m p̪ fʲ ...] persistently assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant. Before a front consonant, apical obstruents or nasals become alveopalatal laminal.
• Coronal consonants [n ḏ ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal, [r̥ʲ rʲ] become [r̥̻ r̻].
• Dorsal obstruents or nasals [ɲ k ʝ ...] become rounded [ɲʷ kʷ ʝʷ ...] after a labial obstruent or nasal.
• Back vowels and semivowels [w̥ ũ o ...] become central [ ɨ̃ ɘ ...] before a palatal semivowel. Rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• Dorsal obstruents or nasals [ɲ k çʷ ...] persistently assimilate in highness or uvularity to a following dorsal obstruent or nasal.
• Uvular-palatal obstruents or nasals [ɴʲ ɢʲ χʲ ...] persistently become uvular [ɴ ɢ χ ...].
• Labial obstruents or nasals [m b p̪ʲ ...] assimilate in dorsality and uvularity and palatalisation and whether palatal or palatalised velar to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a dorsal obstruent or nasal, labiodental stops or nasals become bilabial. Before a palatal or velar obstruent or nasal, [mʲ ɱ ɱʲ pʲ bʲ p̪ b̪ p̪ʲ b̪ʲ fʲ vʲ] become [m m m p b p b p b f v]. Before an uvular obstruent or nasal, [mʲ ɱ ɱʲ pʲ bʲ p̪ b̪ p̪ʲ b̪ʲ fʲ vʲ] become [m m m p b p b p b f v].
• Non-front vowels and velar or uvular semivowels [w̥ ɘ ɜ ...] assimilate in backness or velarisation to a following uvular obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular-palatal obstruent or nasal, rounded vowels become unrounded; semivowels are deleted.
• Palatal obstruents or nasals [ɲ cʷ ʝ ...] become alveopalatal [ṉʲ tʷ̱ʲ ʑ ...] before a palatoalveolar obstruent or nasal.
• Stops [p ṯ ɟʷ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
• Non-labial consonants other than semivowels [n̻ ṯ̺ʲ ʑʷ ...] assimilate in rounding to a following consonant and become unrounded word-finally.

Some words

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