Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Bilabial | | Alveolar | | Alveolar lateral | | Palatoalv. | | Palatoalv. lateral | | Palatal | | Velar | | Uvular | | Glottal |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | | | | | | ɲ | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | | | | ṯ | ḏ | | | | | c | ɟ | | k | g | | q | ɢ | | ʔ | |
| Fricative | | ɸ | β | | s | z | | | | | ʃ | ʒ | | | ɮ̱ | | | | | | | | | | | h | |
| Approximant | | | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | j̥ | j | | w̥ | w | | | | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Back |
| High | | i | | u |
| Mid-high | | e | | o |
| Mid-low | | ɛ | | ɔ |
| Low | | | | ɑ |
Syllable structure
(C)V
C: a consonant
V: a vowel
Allophony
- High vowels and semivowels [j̥ w̥ i ...] become non-high [e̥̯ o̥̯ e ...] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
- Consonants [m k ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [ʔ h] are deleted.
- [k g] become [q ɢ] after a non-near-high back vowel or an uvular semivowel.
- Non-nasal consonants [p q h ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent, [ʔ h] are deleted.
- Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ c ɟ] become alveopalatal [nʲ̱ tʲ̱ dʲ̱] before a palatoalveolar obstruent.
- Unrounded non-nasal consonants other than [j̥ j e̥̯ e̯], i.e. [p c s ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced obstruent, [ʔ h] are deleted.
- Coronal consonants [n ḏ ɬ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following non-bilabial fricative.
- Palatoalveolar approximants [l̥̱̺ ḻ̺] persistently become alveolar [l̥ l].
- Coronal consonants [nʲ̻ ṯ z ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
- Consonants [m dʲ̱ ɮ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, [ʔ h] are deleted.
- Stops [p tʲ tʲ̱̺ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʲʰ tʲʰ̱̺ ...] before a glottal fricative. Voiced stops become voiceless.
- Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than uvular consonants or palatal consonants [m tʲ s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
- Dorsal stops or nasals [ɲ ɟ g ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal stop or nasal.
- Uvular-palatal stops or nasals [ɴʲ qʲʰ qʲ ɢʲ] persistently become uvular [ɴ qʰ q ɢ].
- Voiced vowels [i e ɛ ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ḛ ɛ̰ ...] before a glottal stop.
- After a glottal stop, voiced fricatives become non-glottal stop voiced obstruents; [ɮ̻ ɮʲ̻ ɮ ɮʲ z zʲ ɮ̱ ɮʲ̱ ɮ̱̺ ɮʲ̱̺ ʒ̺ ʑ̺] become [l̻ lʲ̻ l lʲ ɾ ɾ l̻ lʲ̻ l lʲ ɾ ɾ]; [βʲ] become [w]; [β] become [w].
- Coronal stops or nasals [n̻ d̻ ṯ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
- Low lax vowels [ɑ ɑ̰] become mid-low [ʌ ʌ̰] before a semivowel.
- Nasals [m n ṉ̺ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular-palatal stop or nasal, non-dorsal nasals become uvular.
- Nasals [m n nʲ̱̺ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent. Before one of [qʲʰ qʲ ɢʲ], non-dorsal nasals become uvular.
- Vowels [i ḛ ʌ ...] become nasal [ĩ ḛ̃ ʌ̃ ...] before a nasal.
- Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ ṯ tʰ̱̺ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c cʰ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal.
Some words
| /w̥ɑ/ | [w̥ɑ] |
| /zudi/ | [zudi] |
| /lɔki/ | [lɔqi] |
| /pɛtɑ/ | [pɛtɑ] |
| /ʔidi/ | [ʔidi] |
| /dɑi/ | [dɑi] |
| /ɸɑwɔ/ | [ɸʌwɔ] |
| /lɔṯe/ | [lɔṯe] |
| /sibɔ/ | [sibɔ] |
| /ɛsɑ/ | [ɛsɑ] |
| /bɛɟɑ/ | [bɛɟɑ] |
| /zɔwɔ/ | [zɔwɔ] |
| /zowɑ/ | [zowɑ] |
| /wɔ/ | [wɔ] |
| /pɛβuw̥ɑ/ | [pɛβuw̥ɑ] |
| /pɑʃɑtɑ/ | [pɑʃɑtɑ] |
| /zɔlɑsɔ/ | [zɔlɑsɔ] |
| /ɸɔzɑ/ | [ɸɔzɑ] |
| /tɔdu/ | [tɔdu] |
| /ʃɔw̥ɑ/ | [ʃɔw̥ɑ] |
| /dɑzu/ | [dɑzu] |
| /wɛβɛ/ | [wɛβɛ] |
| /ɲiti/ | [ɲiti] |
| /lɛḏɛ/ | [lɛḏɛ] |
| /w̥ɔsɛ/ | [w̥ɔsɛ] |
| /soɮ̱ɔ/ | [soɮ̱ɔ] |
| /duzi/ | [duzi] |
| /qɔlɑ/ | [qɔlɑ] |
| /gɑʒɑ/ | [gɑʒɑ] |
| /pɑwɛ/ | [pʌwɛ] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 23022276115.