Phonemic inventory

Syllable structure

(C)V

C: a consonant
V: a vowel

Allophony

• High vowels and semivowels [j̥ w̥ i ...] become non-high [e̥̯ o̥̯ e ...] before a non-near-high vowel or an uvular consonant except a vowel.
• Consonants [m k ʒ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding consonant other than an approximant. After a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced obstruent or nasal, [ʔ h] are deleted.
• [k g] become [q ɢ] after a non-near-high back vowel or an uvular semivowel.
• Non-nasal consonants [p q h ...] assimilate in voice to a preceding non-nasal consonant other than an approximant. After a voiced obstruent, [ʔ h] are deleted.
• Palatal stops or nasals [ɲ c ɟ] become alveopalatal [nʲ̱ tʲ̱ dʲ̱] before a palatoalveolar obstruent.
• Unrounded non-nasal consonants other than [j̥ j e̥̯ e̯], i.e. [p c s ...], persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiced obstruent, [ʔ h] are deleted.
• Coronal consonants [n ḏ ɬ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following non-bilabial fricative.
• Palatoalveolar approximants [l̥̱̺ ḻ̺] persistently become alveolar [l̥ l].
• Coronal consonants [nʲ̻ ṯ z ...] persistently assimilate in laminality to a following coronal consonant.
• Consonants [m dʲ̱ ɮ̱ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following consonant other than an approximant. Before a voiceless consonant other than an approximant, nasals become non-nasal. Before a voiced obstruent or nasal, [ʔ h] are deleted.
• Stops [p tʲ tʲ̱̺ ...] persistently become aspirated [pʰ tʲʰ tʲʰ̱̺ ...] before a glottal fricative. Voiced stops become voiceless.
• Non-pharyngeal unrounded consonants other than uvular consonants or palatal consonants [m tʲ s̻ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
• Dorsal stops or nasals [ɲ ɟ g ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following dorsal stop or nasal.
• Uvular-palatal stops or nasals [ɴʲ qʲʰ qʲ ɢʲ] persistently become uvular [ɴ qʰ q ɢ].
• Voiced vowels [i e ɛ ...] become creaky-voiced [ḭ ḛ ɛ̰ ...] before a glottal stop.
• After a glottal stop, voiced fricatives become non-glottal stop voiced obstruents; [ɮ̻ ɮʲ̻ ɮ ɮʲ z zʲ ɮ̱ ɮʲ̱ ɮ̱̺ ɮʲ̱̺ ʒ̺ ʑ̺] become [l̻ lʲ̻ l lʲ ɾ ɾ l̻ lʲ̻ l lʲ ɾ ɾ]; [βʲ] become [w]; [β] become [w].
• Coronal stops or nasals [n̻ d̻ ṯ ...] are persistently deleted between a stop or nasal and a stop or nasal.
• Low lax vowels [ɑ ɑ̰] become mid-low [ʌ ʌ̰] before a semivowel.
• Nasals [m n ṉ̺ ...] become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal. Before an uvular-palatal stop or nasal, non-dorsal nasals become uvular.
• Nasals [m n nʲ̱̺ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent. Before one of [qʲʰ qʲ ɢʲ], non-dorsal nasals become uvular.
• Vowels [i ḛ ʌ ...] become nasal [ĩ ḛ̃ ʌ̃ ...] before a nasal.
• Palatoalveolar stops or nasals [ṉ ṯ tʰ̱̺ ...] persistently become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ c cʰ ...] before a palatal stop or nasal.

Some words

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