Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Laminal alveolar | | Laminal palatalised alveolar | | Palatoalv. sibilant | | Palatal | | Velar |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n̻ | | | nʲ̻ | | | | | | ɲ | | | |
| Stop | | p | mb | | t̻ | nd̻ | | | | | t͡ʃ | nd͡ʒ | | c | ɲɟ | | k | ŋg |
| Fricative | | f | | | s̻ | | | | | | ʃ | | | | | | | |
| Tap | | | | | | ɺ̻ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | l̻ | | | | | | | | | j | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | | | | | | u | |
| Mid-high | | e | ẽ | | | | | o | õ |
| Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(C2)
C1: a consonant
V: a vowel
C2: a consonant
Allophony
- Coronal consonants [n̻ t̻ s̻ ...] persistently assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a following obstruent sibilant. Before a palatoalveolar obstruent, [nd̻ t̻] become [nd͡ʒ t͡ʃ].
- [ɺ̱] persistently become [ɺ̻].
- Palatoalveolar resonants [ɺ̱ ḻ] persistently become non-coronal palatal semivowels [j j].
- Non-pharyngeal consonants other than palatal consonants [m ŋg t͡ʃ ...] assimilate in palatalisation to a following consonant.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j e a ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a preceding consonant. After a consonant, [j] are deleted.
- Non-nasal consonants [mb k sʲ̻ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before an obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
- Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] before a nasal vowel.
- Non-nasal consonants [mb nd͡ʒ ɕ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
- Coronal consonants [n̻ d͡z̻ ɺ̻̥ ...] assimilate in anteriority and retroflexion to a preceding coronal consonant. After a palatoalveolar consonant, non-sibilant coronal stops become affricate sibilants.
- Central vowels [ɨ ɘ a ...] become front [i e æ ...] after a front consonant.
- Coronal resonants [ɺ̻̥ ɺ̱ lʲ̻̥ ...] assimilate in vibrancy to a following resonant lateral. Before a tap, palatalised approximants become non-front; palatoalveolar approximants become alveolar.
- Semivowels [j̥ j] become velar rounded [w̥ w] after a rounded vowel.
- Non-affricate stops or nasals [m mbʲ bʲ ...] are persistently deleted between an obstruent or nasal and a stop or nasal.
- Front vowels and semivowels [j̥ i ẽ ...] become central [ ɨ ɘ̃ ...] before a velar semivowel. Semivowels are deleted.
- Alveopalatal stops or nasals [nʲ̱ nd͡ʑ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ] become non-affricate non-coronal palatal [ɲ ɲɟ c ɟ] before a palatal stop or nasal.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m p f ...] persistently assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Non-nasal vowels [i u o ...] become nasal [ĩ ũ õ ...] after a nasal vowel.
- Non-back vowels and non-velarised semivowels [j̥ ɨ ɘ̃ ...] assimilate in frontness or palatalisation to a following semivowel. Before a rounded semivowel, semivowels are deleted.
- Non-sibilant coronal alveolar stops [nd̻ t̻ tʲ̻ ...] become affricate sibilants [nd͡z̻ t͡s̻ t͡sʲ̻ ...] before a non-nasal coronal fricative.
- Semivowels [j̥ j w̥ w] become mid-low [ɛ̯̥ ɛ̯ ɔ̯̥ ɔ̯] before a lax vowel.
- Short non-glottal stop non-prenasalised voiced stops [b d̻ d͡z̻ ...] become fricatives [β ð z̻ ...] between a vowel or semivowel and a vowel or semivowel. Palatal or velar stops become resonants.
- Non-nasal consonants [mb nd͡ʒ ɕ ...] assimilate in voice to a following obstruent. Before a voiceless obstruent, prenasalised stops become non-prenasalised.
Some words
| /t͡ʃind̻ac/ | [t͡ʃɨnd̻ac] |
| /nd̻ãt͡ʃnd̻a/ | [nd̻ãd͡ʒnd͡ʒa] |
| /ŋgãce/ | [ŋgãce] |
| /paʃ/ | [paʃ] |
| /mbaɲɟa/ | [mbaɲɟæ] |
| /peɲɟ/ | [pɘɲɟ] |
| /put̻/ | [put̻] |
| /capi/ | [cæpɨ] |
| /nd̻a/ | [nd̻a] |
| /mbambend͡ʒ/ | [mbambɘnd͡ʒ] |
| /s̻omba/ | [s̻omba] |
| /cõmɺ̻e/ | [cõmɺ̻ɘ] |
| /s̻õci/ | [s̻õci] |
| /nd̻and̻ʃon̻/ | [nd̻at͡ʃʃon̻] |
| /t͡ʃoɺ̻ãnd̻/ | [t͡ʃoɺ̻ãnd̻] |
| /nd̻ãt̻a/ | [nd̻ãt̻a] |
| /s̻and̻ʃo/ | [s̻at͡ʃʃo] |
| /ʃãpe/ | [ʃãpɘ] |
| /jãke/ | [ɛ̯æ̃kɘ] |
| /t̻ojɺ̻a/ | [t̻owɺ̻a] |
| /ŋgaɺ̻ã/ | [ŋgaɺ̻ã] |
| /nʲ̻ujɲɟã/ | [nʲ̻uwɲɟæ̃] |
| /ɲɟãŋgind͡ʒ/ | [ɲɟæ̃ŋgɨnd͡ʒ] |
| /ɲɟãs̻nd͡ʒã/ | [ɲɟæ̃ʒnd͡ʒã] |
| /jin̻s̻a/ | [jin̻z̻a] |
| /ŋgã/ | [ŋgã] |
| /jut͡ʃmo/ | [jud͡ʒmo] |
| /jops̻op/ | [jops̻op] |
| /ŋgu/ | [ŋgu] |
| /põ/ | [põ] |
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