Phonemic inventory
Consonants
| | Labial | | Alveolar | | Velar | | Rounded velar | | Uvular |
| Nasal | | | m | | | n | | | | | | | | | |
| Stop | | p | b | | t | d | | k | g | | | | | q | ɢ |
| Fricative | | f | | | s | | | x | | | | | | χ | |
| Tap | | | | | | ɾ | | | | | | | | | |
| Approximant | | | | | | l | | | ʟ | | | w | | | |
Vowels
| | Front | | Central | | Back |
| High | | i | ĩ | | | | | u | ũ |
| Mid-high | | e | ẽ | | | | | o | õ |
| Low | | | | | a | ã | | | |
Syllable structure
(C1)V(R)(C2)
C1: a non-nasal consonant; i.e. a consonant other than /m n/
V: a vowel
R: a sonorant; i.e. one of /m n ɾ l w ʟ/
C2: one of /p t k q f s x χ ɾ l w ʟ/
Allophony
- Stops [p t g ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent and become voiceless word-finally.
- [b d g ɢ f s x χ] become nasals before a nasal phone. Obstruents other than stops become stops; obstruents other than stops become stops; [f] become [p].
- Non-labial consonants other than [w], i.e. [n k s ...], become rounded [nʷ kʷ sʷ ...] before a rounded semivowel.
- Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ g qʷ ...] persistently assimilate in uvularity to a following back consonant other than [w].
- Consonants [m dʷ s ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a following obstruent or nasal. Before a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; [f] become [b]. Before a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal.
- Labial obstruents or nasals [m p b f] assimilate in labiodentality to a following labial obstruent or nasal.
- Nasals [m n ŋʷ ...] persistently become nasals and assimilate in place of articulation to a following obstruent or nasal.
- Central lax vowels [a ã] become back [ɑ ɑ̃] after an uvular obstruent or nasal.
- Velar or uvular obstruents or nasals [ŋ g qʷ ...] persistently assimilate in labiality and labiodentality to a following consonant and become non-labial word-finally. Before a labial obstruent or nasal, rounded stops or nasals become unrounded; fricatives become non-labial approximants.
- Consonants [ŋ͡m b sʷ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal. After a voiceless obstruent, nasals become non-nasal. After a voiced stop or nasal, fricatives become stops or nasals; [f] become [b].
- Semivowels [ɰ̥ w̥ ɤ̯ ...] assimilate in uvularity to a preceding vowel or semivowel.
- Non-nasal vowels [i e a ...] persistently become nasal [ĩ ẽ ã ...] after a nasal vowel.
- Before a non-low front vowel, alveolar consonants become alveopalatal laminal; taps become alveopalatal laminal approximants; non-sibilant coronal stops become alveopalatal laminal affricate sibilants.
- Non-glottal stop non-glottal fricative resonants [ɾ̥ ɹ̱ʲ w̥ ...] persistently assimilate in voice to a preceding obstruent or nasal.
Some words
| /fogã/ | [foŋã] |
| /dãtẽlt/ | [nãt͡ɕẽl̥t] |
| /ãʟ/ | [ãʟ] |
| /wuxfen/ | [wuɰ̥fen] |
| /ɾu/ | [ɾu] |
| /ɢu/ | [ɢu] |
| /digans/ | [d͡ʑigats] |
| /ʟãpas/ | [ʟãpas] |
| /sem/ | [ɕem] |
| /deq/ | [d͡ʑeq] |
| /tamwda/ | [tamwda] |
| /sato/ | [sato] |
| /ustã/ | [ut͡stã] |
| /χũ/ | [qũ] |
| /ʟo/ | [ʟo] |
| /ʟus/ | [ʟus] |
| /fanχãw/ | [fatqɑ̃o̯] |
| /ɾaɾ/ | [ɾaɾ] |
| /ket/ | [ket] |
| /qa/ | [qɑ] |
| /liq/ | [ḻʲiq] |
| /tuʟ/ | [tuʟ] |
| /los/ | [los] |
| /ta/ | [ta] |
| /sã/ | [t͡sã] |
| /fuɢi/ | [fuɢi] |
| /ãkli/ | [ãkḻ̥ʲi] |
| /saɾχdo/ | [saɾɢdo] |
| /paɾχdãt/ | [paɾɢnãt] |
| /dĩltel/ | [ṉʲĩl̥̻t͡ɕel] |
Generated by Gleb version 0.3.2 / 5.0a with seed 3271465312.